Workers' compensation is usually the only legal remedy for an employee injured or sickened in the course of employment. The public policy behind workers' compensation envisions a bargain between employers and employees in which workers give up the right to sue their employers in court in exchange for the guaranty of workers' compensation benefits. This reduces tension in the workplace by creating a predictable method for resolving employer-employee conflict. Although workers' compensation awards tend to be smaller than those in lawsuits, employees are not left without support during drawn-out court proceedings with unsure outcomes.
However, some exceptions to the exclusive remedy of workers' compensation exist. Because these vary widely from state to state, seek advice from a workers' compensation attorney familiar with your jurisdiction. To learn whether you can bring a lawsuit for your work injury or industrial disease in addition to or instead of filing a workers' compensation claim, consult a lawyer at Pitts & Zanaty, L.L.C. in Anniston, AL
Exceptions
In most states, a worker injured by the intentional action of his or her employer can sue the employer for the harm in addition to filing for workers' compensation. Examples of such deliberate employer behavior triggering the right to sue may include assault, intentional infliction of emotional distress or known exposure to hazardous conditions. On the other hand, instead of allowing an additional lawsuit, some states have included in their workers' compensation law an additional monetary award when an employer acts intentionally or maliciously to injure an employee.
Employees can also usually sue their employers for other types of harm not covered by workers' compensation, such as illegal discrimination, defamation, invasion of privacy, harm caused by a dangerous co-worker negligently retained by the employer, sexual harassment or damage to property.
Another legal basis for an employer lawsuit available in a few states is the dual capacity or dual persona doctrine, allowing a worker to sue his or her employer when the employer has a second legal relationship to the worker and has harmed the worker in the context of that second affiliation. For example, an employer may injure an employer outside the employment relationship when it commits medical malpractice in the provision of services through a company doctor, when it defectively manufactures a product for public sale that injures the worker or when it allows a dangerous condition on its property in violation of its duty as a landowner.
In addition, an employer may be subject to a separate lawsuit for either bad faith processing of a workers' compensation application or for retaliating against an employee for bringing a workers' compensation claim, such as by demotion or termination.
Co-employees
In most, but not all, states, lawsuits against co-workers causing injury in the workplace are banned because co-employee injuries are included in the workers' compensation system. Even so, workers' compensation immunity from lawsuits is rarely extended to co-workers who intentionally or maliciously cause injury to others in the workplace.
Third-party suits
Even if an injured worker may not be able to sue his or her employer directly, he or she may be able to sue a responsible third party. For example:
- An inspector who fails to require the correction of a dangerous situation
- A doctor who exacerbates a work injury by negligent treatment
- A manufacturer, distributor or seller of a defective product that causes a work injury
- An employer's landlord who fails to correct an unsafe condition on the property
Speak to a workers' compensation lawyer
Because legal remedies for work injuries vary widely among jurisdictions, it can be crucial to speak with a workers' compensation attorney such as one at Pitts & Zanaty, L.L.C. in Anniston, AL, to understand your rights.
DISCLAIMER: This site and any information contained herein are intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. Seek competent legal counsel for advice on any legal matter.
Frequently Asked Questions
To take the uncertainty out of the circumstances following a work-related injury or industrial illness, the workers' compensation system provides a reliable procedure for resolving resulting problems. Broadly, if an injury or illness occurs in the course of employment, regardless of whether the employer was negligent or otherwise at fault, the worker receives benefits that may include wage replacement, medical coverage or other assistance. In exchange, the employee is not allowed to sue the employer for the injury and the employer must carry insurance or otherwise legally provide a means to cover workers' compensation expenses. Most employers are subject to the workers' compensation system, but some states exempt smaller employers, and most federal workers and certain national industries are covered instead by comparable federal programs.
Virtually all types of work-related physical injury and industrial illness are covered by workers' compensation. Very commonly covered conditions include repetitive-stress injuries (RSIs) like carpal-tunnel syndrome (CTS), back injuries, traumatic injuries, wounds or bodily reactions to substances. Many states also cover mental or emotional harm, but the standards for psychological coverage vary greatly from state to state. Pre-existing conditions are generally not covered unless aggravated at work.
Available benefits vary from state to state, but usually include compensation for medical expenses and disability benefits to replace wages, at least in part. States use various methods for calculating benefit amounts, such as schedules or formulas that may take into account the severity and type of injury and amount of lost wages. Some states offer other types of benefits, such as vocational rehabilitation. Death benefits are available to surviving dependents of workers who die from occupational injury or disease.
State laws require one of three payment methods or a combination thereof. Employers may need to carry workers' compensation insurance; employers may self-insure by setting up a fund sufficient to cover outgoing benefits; or the state may administer its own fund into which employers are required to pay.
Of course, you should first obtain necessary emergency treatment. Second, give notice of the injury or disease to your employer as soon as possible. State laws vary about what type of notice is sufficient, whether a designated person needs to receive it, how soon it must be given and if there is a deadline. Also, some states require notice to other parties, such as the state workers' compensation agency, local court or workers' compensation insurer. Third, file your workers' compensation claim with the state agency in a timely manner. Consult a knowledgeable workers' compensation attorney as early in the process as possible for advice about how to proceed every step of the way.
Whether you can choose your own doctor depends on your state's law. Most states allow emergency treatment without concern for consultation with the employer or insurer. Beyond an emergency, the choice of treating physician may belong to the employee, the employer, the workers' compensation insurance carrier or the state. Sometimes the employee can choose from a list of providers compiled by the employer, insurer or state agency. Your state law may also control how to change providers or other situations, such as obtaining a second opinion.
Each state has a procedure for appeal of a denied claim. Normally the first review is by the state workers' compensation agency, where there may be more than one level of claim re-evaluation and a hearing is usually held. Typically if the agency ultimately affirms the claim denial, the employee can appeal to the state court system, where there may also be more than one level of appeal. Representation by an attorney is helpful at any stage of appeal, particularly at any hearing and in court.
If you are harmed in the course of employment, you are entitled to workers' compensation, regardless of the cause. You may be able to sue a third party that caused the injury, such as the manufacturer, distributor or seller of faulty equipment that caused the injury. If a co-worker caused the injury, most states do not allow you to sue your colleague, but some do. If you recover from a third party, your employer or its insurer may be eligible for workers' compensation reimbursement or they may be able to join the suit.
